The aim of this project is to develop a rapid and customised (for Australia) internet web crawler which will detect organisations who would intend to market via the internet, regulated organisms and commodities (invasive species) which are prohibited entry to Australia owing to the threat they present to Australian plant health generally, and specifically, those organisms which would threaten Australia's plant-based industries.

What is the biosecurity problem?

Worldwide the risk of pests crossing national borders (pest pressure) is becoming evermore acute as volumes of trade and the movement of goods continue to increase. The purpose of conducting this project is to augment existing border quarantine mechanisms by way of addressing the specific risk area presented by internet sales of commodities which may threaten plant health in Australia. As normal pathways for the movement of goods across borders have increased, so too have internet sales. Internet sales represent a special challenge for border quarantine regulators because the movement of the risk goods involved (plants, seeds, plant parts) is often via mail or parcel delivery by private mail contractors which are difficult to monitor for quarantine purposes.

The main outputs of this project are to:

• Develop applicable local search terms in consultation with local subject matter experts
• Create/generate initial search data with includer/excluder terms
• Conduct an Internet search/crawl
• Creation of end-user interface
• Evaluation of a filtered list relevance and refinement of includer/excluder terms

Who will be the end-users of this research?

All sectors of the Australian biosecurity community - federal, state and industry - in plants, animals and natural resources.

This project developed an accurate, reliable and internationally recognised DNA-based protocol to detect Karnal bunt. The methodology was validated by laboratories in Australia and overseas and the resulting Diagnostic Protocol was endorsed by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards [6] and the Plant Health Committee. This practical biosecurity tool will support the Plant Health Australia National Karnal Bunt Contingency Plan.

Research outcomes

• The development of a one tube, fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection and unequivocal identification of T. indica and closely related Tilletia spp. when only a few spores have been observed. The key features of the assay are:
  • elimination of spore germination step
  • direct molecular analysis of a single spore, and
  • simultaneous detection of T. indica and related grass bunts resulting in reduced labour and reagent costs.

• The development of an enhanced protocol for the quarantine detection of T. indica and other grass bunts in wheat grains. The combination of a microscopy step and direct molecular analysis of single spores in the confirmation stage will give a near zero risk of a false positive in the diagnostic process.
• An economic comparison of current and enhanced protocol for quarantine detection and surveillance of T. indica, the cause of Karnal bunt in wheat.

Research implications

• The enhanced protocol should be integrated as a beta version in a diagnostic section of a centralised national or state facility for animal and plant biosecurity. This will enable the refinement of the protocol for high throughput diagnosis and the development of a capacity for an emergency response to Karnal bunt.
• The enhanced protocol bypasses the germination step in identification and so the number of days elapsing before definitive confirmation is considerably lower than in the current protocol. This is critical in an incursion when huge quantities of wheat grain are being held at ports for export pending an outcome of diagnosis. Use of the enhanced protocol will result in massive savings to the industry.
• The savings in cost and time in the enhanced protocol relative to the current protocol make it an economically sustainable tool to be used in a grass bunts surveillance program to ensure continuous freedom of the disease and increase market access.

Acknowledgements

• Grains Research and Development Corporation
• NSW Department of Primary Industries
• Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity
• Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia